Geology and Tectonics
- Geology
- How do we know the age of the seafloor?
- Why is the seafloor so recent and the continental crust so old?
- Where do we find the oldest continental rocks and the oldest seafloor?
- What are the different types of rocks?
- What is a fossil and what are they used for?
- What are hydrothermal vents, and why do we find them along mid-ocean ridges?
- Seismology
- What is a seismic wave?
- What is the difference between body waves and surface waves? And between P-waves and S-waves?
- Why can't S-waves travel through liquids?
- How far can seismic waves reach?
- Why do P-waves travel faster than S-waves?
- Why is the interior of the Earth hot?
- What is the magnetic field of the Earth?
- Earthquakes and Faults
- Why do tectonic plates move?
- Brief history of the plate tectonics theory
- Before colliding with Asia, where was India?
- What is an earthquake?
- What is the highest magnitude an earthquake can reach?
- What are the biggest historical earthquakes?
- Why do earthquakes happen in clusters?
- Where are earthquakes expected in the world, especially in Asia?
- What is a supercontinent?
- Are all the faults on Earth active?
Natural Hazards, Risk, and Societies
- Climate Change
- Earthquake Hazards
- Is Singapore threatened by earthquakes?
- Can we predict earthquakes?
- Why does a building on solid bedrock resist better to an earthquake than a building on sediment or reclaimed land?
- Why does a building with base isolation resist better to an earthquake than a building without base isolation?
- Why does a building with full bracing resist better to an earthquake than a building with no bracing?
- Impacts of Volcanic Hazards
- Tsunamis