Diagram A (near field continent):
Mid-Holocene sea level high stand mechanisms - equatorial ocean syphoning


 
SLR-14-GIA A
Credits: Muhammad Hadi Ikhsan/ Earth Observatory of Singapore.


Diagram B (far field continent):
Mid-Holocene sea level high stand mechanisms - continental levering



SLR-14-GIA B
Credits: Muhammad Hadi Ikhsan/ Earth Observatory of Singapore.


Glacial Isostatic Adjustment process at three stages: Last Glacial Maximum (LGM)/pre-Holocene, mid-Holocene and present.

Diagram A illustrates equatorial ocean syphoning, which refers to the flux of water away from far-field regions, while diagram B illustrates continental levering, which refers to ice melt which depresses the continental shelves and causing adjacent continents to be lifted. These mechanisms induce the mid-Holocene sea-level highstand. 

Insets i-iv shows the sea-level change pattern since the Last Glacial Maximum till present at locations in (i) near-field close to former ice sheet center (e.g., Hudson Bay, Canada), (ii) near-field close the former ice sheet margin (e.g., Andoy, Norway), (iii) intermediate-field near the forebulge (e.g., New Jersey, U.S.), (iv) far-field (e.g., Singapore).

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