Geology and Tectonics
- Geology
- How do we know the age of the seafloor?
- Why is the seafloor so recent and the continental crust so old?
- Where do we find the oldest continental rocks and the oldest seafloor?
- What are the different types of rocks?
- What is a fossil and what are they used for?
- What are hydrothermal vents, and why do we find them along mid-ocean ridges?
- Seismology
- What is a seismic wave?
- What is the difference between body waves and surface waves, and between P-waves and S-waves?
- Why can't S-waves travel through liquids?
- How far can seismic waves reach?
- Why do P-waves travel faster than S-waves?
- Why is the interior of the Earth hot?
- What is the magnetic field of the Earth?
- Earthquakes and Faults
- Why do tectonic plates move?
- Brief history of the plate tectonics theory
- Before colliding with Asia, where was India?
- What is an earthquake?
- What is the highest magnitude an earthquake can reach?
- What are the biggest historical earthquakes?
- Why do earthquakes happen in clusters?
- Where are earthquakes expected in the world, especially in Asia?
- What is a supercontinent?
- Are all the faults on Earth active?
Natural Hazards, Risk, and Societies
- Climate Change
- Earthquake Hazards
- Is Singapore threatened by earthquakes?
- Can we predict earthquakes?
- Why does a building on solid bedrock resist better to an earthquake than a building on sediment or reclaimed land?
- Why does a building with base isolation resist better to an earthquake than a building without base isolation?
- Why does a building with full bracing resist better to an earthquake than a building with no bracing?
- Impacts of Volcanic Hazards
- Tsunamis
Volcanoes
What is the difference between magma and lava?
Magma is composed of molten rock and is stored in the Earth’s crust. Lava is magma that reaches the surface of our planet through a volcano vent.
